Identifications
George Creel- leader of the Committee of Public Information, which generated American Patriotism for WWI
Bernard Baruch- leader of the War Industries Board, which was in charge of US industry economy
Henry Cabot Lodge- US senator who opposed President Wilson on the Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations
James M. Cox- Democratic candidate for president in the election of 1920
Self-Determination- nations have the right to determine their sovereignty and political status
Collective security- agreement between countries that states that the security of one country is the concern of all
Normalcy- Warren G. Hardings promise to return America to pre WWI feelings
Zimmerman Note- Note sent by German ambassador to Mexico asking it to fight against America and recieve some old annexed mexican territory back
Fourteen Points- speech given by Wilson to Congress which stated his war aims
League of Nations- organization created by multiple countries to maintain world peace
Committee on Public Information- committee under George Creel created to influence US public opinion during WWI
Espionage and Sedition Acts- Act that prohibited attempts to interfere with military operations and public security
Industrial Workers of the World- workers union that was against the war
War Industries Board- agency created by US in WWI to coordinate the purchase of war supplies
Nineteenth Amendment- amendment that gave women the right to vote
Food Administration- administration under Herbert Hoover that conserved food for war export
Irreconcilables- the senators that were against the League of Nation
Treaty of Versailles- treaty that ended WWI and forced Germany to accept blame for WWI and pay war reparations
Guided Reading Questions
War by Act of Germany
Know: "Peace without Victory," Unlimited Submarine Warfare, Arthur Zimmermann
1. What events led Woodrow Wilson to ask Congress to declare war?
Germany's violation of the Sussexx pledge and continuation of unrestriced submarine warfare and the Zimmerman Telegraph which wanted Mexico to fight against the USA led Wilson to ask Congress
Wilsonian Idealism Enthroned
Know: Jeannette Rankin
2. Name Wilson’s twin war aims. How did these set America apart from the other combatants?
Wilson’s Fourteen Potent Points
Know: Fourteen Points
3. List several of Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
No Secret treaties, freedom of the seas, removal of economic barriers, reduction of armament burdens, creation of a League of Nations
Creel Manipulates Minds
Know: Committee on Public Information, George Creel, Four-minute Men, The Hun, Over There
4. How were Americans motivated to help in the war effort?
They were influenced by the Committe on Public Information with four minute men delivering countless speeches of patriotic prep
Enforcing Loyalty and Stifling Dissent
Know: Liberty Cabbage, Espionage
Act, Sedition Act, Eugene V. Debs, William D. Haywood
5. How was loyalty forced during WWI?
The Espionage and Sedition Act allowed the federal government to arrest any dissenters suspected of tampering the American war effort
The Nation’s Factories Go to War
Know: Bernard Baruch, War Industries Board
6. Why was it difficult to mobilize industry for the war effort?
Sheer ignorance and old ideas such as traditional fears of big government, as well as opposition to federal economic controls made it difficult
Workers in Wartime
Know: "Work or Fight," National War Labor Board, Wobblies
7. How did the war affect the labor movement?
Workers were discouraged from going on strike because they had to either work or be drafted. The AF of L under Samuel Gompers also supported the American war effort.
Suffering Until Suffrage
Know: NAWSA, 19th Amendment, Women’s Bureau
8. How did the war affect women?
Forging a War Economy
Know: Food Administration, Herbert Hoover, Meatless Tuesdays, EighteenthAmendment, Heatless Mondays, Liberty Bonds
9. Did government become too intrusive in people’s lives during the war? Give examples to support your answer.
Making Plowboys into Doughboys
10. Was the government’s effort to raise an army fair and effective?
Due to the Committee of Public Informations generation of American Patriotism, the American public was eager to fight against the german Huns and embraced the draft
Fighting in France--Belatedly
11. How were American troops used in Russia?
US troops landed in Archangel to prevent German seizure of Russian munitions, as well as from preventing the Japanese to get a foothold in Siberia
America Helps Hammer the Hun
Know: Marshal Foch, John J. Pershing, Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Alvin York
12.Describe the effect of the American troops on the fighting.
American doughboys were fresh and barely trained, but their mass numbers eventually demoralized the Germans
The Fourteen Points Disarm Germany
Know: Armistice
13. What role did America play in bringing Germany to surrender?
The mass number of American soldiers as well as multiple large scale offensives caused the Germans to surrender
Wilson Steps Down from Olympus
Know: Henry Cabot Lodge
14. What political mistakes hurt Wilson in the months following the armistice?
Wilson decided to go in person to Paris to help make the peace infuriated republicans and Henry Cabot Lodge
The Idealist Battles the Imperialists in Paris
Know: Vittorio Orlando, David Lloyd George, Georges Clemenceau, League ofNations
15. How did Wilson’s desire for the League of Nations affect his bargaining at the peace conference?
He wanted to prevent any vengeful parceling out of the former colonies and protectorates of the vanquished powers
Hammering Out the Treaty
Know: William Borah, Hiram Johnson, Irreconcilables
16. What compromises did Wilson make at the peace conference?
He gave the Security Treaty to France in return for dropping its desire for the rhineland and temporarily gave the Shandong Peninsula to Japan
The Peace Treaty That Bred a New War
Know: Treaty of Versailles
17. For what reasons did Wilson compromise his 14 Points?
He was forced to compromise away some of his points in order to salvage the League of Nations
The Domestic Parade of Prejudice
18. Why was the treaty criticized back in America?
They were against the league of nations and ethnic americans felt that the peace settlement was not favorable enough to their native lands
Wilson’s Tour and Collapse (1919)
19. What was the purpose and result of Wilson’s trip around the country when he returned to America?
He wanted to take his case to the country and appeal to the people in a strenuous barnstorming campaign
Defeat Through Deadlock
20. Why was the treaty finally rejected?
Wilson instructed all democrats to vote against Lodge's fourteen reservations, who blindly did his bidding
The "Solemn Referendum" of 1920
Know: Warren Harding, James M. Cox, Normalcy
21. What did the results of the 1920 election indicate?
The American people wanted a return to normalcy and favored the Republicans despite the fact that Wilson was democratic
The Betrayal of Great Expectations
22. How much should the U.S. be blamed for the failure of the Treaty of Versailles?
The structure of the Treaty of Versailles depended on America, which did not enforce it and the Security Treaty enraged germans
Varying Viewpoints: Woodrow Wilson: Realist or Idealist?
Know: Realism,Idealism, Wilsonianism
23. To what extent was Wilson realistic when he called for a world of cooperation, equality and justice among nations?
He was not really realistic but to some extent he did succeed in a world of cooperation....for a while
George Creel- leader of the Committee of Public Information, which generated American Patriotism for WWI
Bernard Baruch- leader of the War Industries Board, which was in charge of US industry economy
Henry Cabot Lodge- US senator who opposed President Wilson on the Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations
James M. Cox- Democratic candidate for president in the election of 1920
Self-Determination- nations have the right to determine their sovereignty and political status
Collective security- agreement between countries that states that the security of one country is the concern of all
Normalcy- Warren G. Hardings promise to return America to pre WWI feelings
Zimmerman Note- Note sent by German ambassador to Mexico asking it to fight against America and recieve some old annexed mexican territory back
Fourteen Points- speech given by Wilson to Congress which stated his war aims
League of Nations- organization created by multiple countries to maintain world peace
Committee on Public Information- committee under George Creel created to influence US public opinion during WWI
Espionage and Sedition Acts- Act that prohibited attempts to interfere with military operations and public security
Industrial Workers of the World- workers union that was against the war
War Industries Board- agency created by US in WWI to coordinate the purchase of war supplies
Nineteenth Amendment- amendment that gave women the right to vote
Food Administration- administration under Herbert Hoover that conserved food for war export
Irreconcilables- the senators that were against the League of Nation
Treaty of Versailles- treaty that ended WWI and forced Germany to accept blame for WWI and pay war reparations
Guided Reading Questions
War by Act of Germany
Know: "Peace without Victory," Unlimited Submarine Warfare, Arthur Zimmermann
1. What events led Woodrow Wilson to ask Congress to declare war?
Germany's violation of the Sussexx pledge and continuation of unrestriced submarine warfare and the Zimmerman Telegraph which wanted Mexico to fight against the USA led Wilson to ask Congress
Wilsonian Idealism Enthroned
Know: Jeannette Rankin
2. Name Wilson’s twin war aims. How did these set America apart from the other combatants?
Wilson’s Fourteen Potent Points
Know: Fourteen Points
3. List several of Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
No Secret treaties, freedom of the seas, removal of economic barriers, reduction of armament burdens, creation of a League of Nations
Creel Manipulates Minds
Know: Committee on Public Information, George Creel, Four-minute Men, The Hun, Over There
4. How were Americans motivated to help in the war effort?
They were influenced by the Committe on Public Information with four minute men delivering countless speeches of patriotic prep
Enforcing Loyalty and Stifling Dissent
Know: Liberty Cabbage, Espionage
Act, Sedition Act, Eugene V. Debs, William D. Haywood
5. How was loyalty forced during WWI?
The Espionage and Sedition Act allowed the federal government to arrest any dissenters suspected of tampering the American war effort
The Nation’s Factories Go to War
Know: Bernard Baruch, War Industries Board
6. Why was it difficult to mobilize industry for the war effort?
Sheer ignorance and old ideas such as traditional fears of big government, as well as opposition to federal economic controls made it difficult
Workers in Wartime
Know: "Work or Fight," National War Labor Board, Wobblies
7. How did the war affect the labor movement?
Workers were discouraged from going on strike because they had to either work or be drafted. The AF of L under Samuel Gompers also supported the American war effort.
Suffering Until Suffrage
Know: NAWSA, 19th Amendment, Women’s Bureau
8. How did the war affect women?
Forging a War Economy
Know: Food Administration, Herbert Hoover, Meatless Tuesdays, EighteenthAmendment, Heatless Mondays, Liberty Bonds
9. Did government become too intrusive in people’s lives during the war? Give examples to support your answer.
Making Plowboys into Doughboys
10. Was the government’s effort to raise an army fair and effective?
Due to the Committee of Public Informations generation of American Patriotism, the American public was eager to fight against the german Huns and embraced the draft
Fighting in France--Belatedly
11. How were American troops used in Russia?
US troops landed in Archangel to prevent German seizure of Russian munitions, as well as from preventing the Japanese to get a foothold in Siberia
America Helps Hammer the Hun
Know: Marshal Foch, John J. Pershing, Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Alvin York
12.Describe the effect of the American troops on the fighting.
American doughboys were fresh and barely trained, but their mass numbers eventually demoralized the Germans
The Fourteen Points Disarm Germany
Know: Armistice
13. What role did America play in bringing Germany to surrender?
The mass number of American soldiers as well as multiple large scale offensives caused the Germans to surrender
Wilson Steps Down from Olympus
Know: Henry Cabot Lodge
14. What political mistakes hurt Wilson in the months following the armistice?
Wilson decided to go in person to Paris to help make the peace infuriated republicans and Henry Cabot Lodge
The Idealist Battles the Imperialists in Paris
Know: Vittorio Orlando, David Lloyd George, Georges Clemenceau, League ofNations
15. How did Wilson’s desire for the League of Nations affect his bargaining at the peace conference?
He wanted to prevent any vengeful parceling out of the former colonies and protectorates of the vanquished powers
Hammering Out the Treaty
Know: William Borah, Hiram Johnson, Irreconcilables
16. What compromises did Wilson make at the peace conference?
He gave the Security Treaty to France in return for dropping its desire for the rhineland and temporarily gave the Shandong Peninsula to Japan
The Peace Treaty That Bred a New War
Know: Treaty of Versailles
17. For what reasons did Wilson compromise his 14 Points?
He was forced to compromise away some of his points in order to salvage the League of Nations
The Domestic Parade of Prejudice
18. Why was the treaty criticized back in America?
They were against the league of nations and ethnic americans felt that the peace settlement was not favorable enough to their native lands
Wilson’s Tour and Collapse (1919)
19. What was the purpose and result of Wilson’s trip around the country when he returned to America?
He wanted to take his case to the country and appeal to the people in a strenuous barnstorming campaign
Defeat Through Deadlock
20. Why was the treaty finally rejected?
Wilson instructed all democrats to vote against Lodge's fourteen reservations, who blindly did his bidding
The "Solemn Referendum" of 1920
Know: Warren Harding, James M. Cox, Normalcy
21. What did the results of the 1920 election indicate?
The American people wanted a return to normalcy and favored the Republicans despite the fact that Wilson was democratic
The Betrayal of Great Expectations
22. How much should the U.S. be blamed for the failure of the Treaty of Versailles?
The structure of the Treaty of Versailles depended on America, which did not enforce it and the Security Treaty enraged germans
Varying Viewpoints: Woodrow Wilson: Realist or Idealist?
Know: Realism,Idealism, Wilsonianism
23. To what extent was Wilson realistic when he called for a world of cooperation, equality and justice among nations?
He was not really realistic but to some extent he did succeed in a world of cooperation....for a while